oonfeeWRT — Device Resource Budget

The wrapper promise is worthless if the wrapper degrades the router. A management tool that costs you 15% of your routing throughput is not a management tool, it's a tax.

This document sets hard budgets, explains where the cost actually comes from (it is not where most people assume), and lists the design rules that hit the budget.

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1. Target hardware classes

We do not target "OpenWrt devices" generically. We target three classes, and the weakest class sets the budget.

Class	Example	CPU	RAM	Flash	Notes
A — Comfortable	Linksys WRT3200ACM	Marvell Armada 385, 2× Cortex-A9 @1.6 GHz	512 MB	256 MB NAND	Genuinely roomy. Dual firmware partitions (see §6). mwlwifi driver quality is the real risk here, not resources.
B — Modern efficient	MT7981 / Filogic 820 "AX3000" units (Cudy WR3000, GL-MT3000 class)	2× Cortex-A53 @1.3 GHz	256–512 MB	32–128 MB	Good CPU, good crypto. The sweet spot.
C — Constrained	MT7621 units; QCA956X/Archer C6 v2 measured	1–2× older MIPS cores	nominal 128–256 MB	16–128 MB	This class sets the budget. Weak scalar CPU, no crypto acceleration, and 16 MB flash on many SKUs leaves almost no room for added packages.

"TP-Link AX3000" is ambiguous — it spans both MT7621 (class C) and newer MT7981 (class B) silicon depending on model and revision, with very different flash sizes. The capability probe must classify by actual SoC and free flash, never by marketing name.

Design to class C. Class A and B then have headroom to spare, which is the right direction for the error to point.

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2. The budget

Measured, not estimated. These are test criteria, not aspirations.

Condition	CPU (class C)	RAM	Network	Flash writes
Idle — device adopted, no UI open anywhere	< 0.5%	< 4 MB attributable	≤ 1 request / 60 s	zero
Observed — a UI screen showing this device is open	< 3%	< 8 MB	≤ 1 request / 10 s	zero
Applying config	transient spike acceptable	—	—	one commit
Never	routing throughput reduction	—	—	periodic writes

Zero flash writes in steady state is a hard rule. These devices have NOR or NAND with finite write cycles and no wear-levelling worth trusting. oonfeeWRT persists nothing on the device — all state lives in the controller. Any tier-2 daemon we suggest must be configured to keep its working data in /tmp (tmpfs, i.e. RAM), accepting loss on reboot, because the controller is the durable store anyway.

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3. Where the cost actually is

Most people assume the polling itself is expensive. It usually isn't. Ranked by real cost on class C:

3.1 TLS handshakes — the dominant cost

A fresh TLS handshake in uhttpd/mbedTLS on an 880 MHz MIPS core with no crypto acceleration is expensive — far more than the ubus call it wraps. Polling five devices every 30 s with a new connection each time means you are paying for handshakes, not for data.

Rules:

• Persistent connections, always. One long-lived HTTP/1.1 keep-alive connection per device, reused for the life of the poll session. Reconnect on failure, not on schedule.
• Reuse the ubus session token until it actually expires. Do not re-login per poll.
• Prefer ECDSA certificates over RSA if the device's cert is generated at adoption — dramatically cheaper handshakes on weak CPUs.
• Offer plain HTTP as a supported option on an isolated management VLAN, with an honest warning. On class C this is a real performance decision, not laziness.

3.2 Process spawns via file.exec

Every file.exec forks and execs a binary. On class C that's meaningful when done per-radio, per-interval. Native ubus objects cost a fraction of the same data via a spawned iw.

Rules:

• Prefer native ubus objects over file.exec wherever the data exists there.iwinfo, network.device, system.info, luci-rpc.getHostHints cost no process spawn.

• Use file.exec only for data with no ubus equivalent (LLDP neighbours, ethtool -S), and at the slow-loop interval, never the fast one. Channel survey is not one of these — iwinfo.survey is native ubus.

• Measured, class A — and this is the single biggest win available. The six iwinfo calls are ~92 % of a focused poll: seven non-wifi calls total 15.8 ms, and adding two info, two assoclist and two survey takes the same batch to 194 ms. Batching amortises transport, not this; it is driver time inside iwinfo. Sourcing the same data from hostapd.<iface> instead collapses it:

  Focused poll, one batched request	Measured
  current shape (13 calls, 6 × iwinfo)	196.6 ms
  hostapd for status+clients, iwinfo.survey kept (12 calls)	72.4 ms
  hostapd only, survey demoted to the slow tier (10 calls)	17.4 ms

  An 11× reduction, on the class where the budget is comfortable — so on class C, where every one of those driver calls is worse, this is the difference between the focused tier being affordable and not.

  Take the radio-level win; the client-level one is smaller than it looks.hostapd.get_status is a safe substitute for iwinfo.info and is where most of the saving is. hostapd.get_clients agrees with iwinfo.assoclist on who is connected (57 samples, 100 %), but it lacks tx.retries, connected_time, signal_avg, noise and thr, so the Client Devices row needs assoclist regardless. Budget ~30 ms per radio for it on the focused tier and take the saving on info. iwinfo also remains required for noise (signed), txpower, country and hwmodes, all near-static and belonging on the slow tier.

• Batch ubus calls into one HTTP request where the JSON-RPC batch form is supported [verify on target release] — one round trip, one TLS record, many calls. This is the single biggest cheap win available.

3.3 Flow offloading conflicts — the one that actually hurts

This is the serious one on class C, and it is not obvious.

MT7621-class devices only reach gigabit routing because of flow offloading. Anything that requires the CPU to see every packet defeats it.

• Software flow offload + accounting: historically, offloaded packets bypassed the counting path, so byte/packet counters under-reported badly. This was fixed by enabling counters on the nftables flowtable — at a documented ~3% throughput penalty and requiring kernel 5.7+ (openwrt#10399).
• Hardware flow offload: packets bypass the CPU entirely. Per-flow accounting is fundamentally unavailable for offloaded flows. You cannot have both.
• Hardware offload on MT7621 has its own history of instability with nftables (openwrt#9241, openwrt#10354).

This means per-client bandwidth accounting and maximum routing throughput are mutually exclusive on class C hardware. That is a genuine tradeoff, not a bug we can engineer around.

Rule: oonfeeWRT never silently changes offload settings. If the user enables per-client traffic accounting on a device with hardware offload active, the UI states the tradeoff explicitly — "this will disable hardware offload and may reduce routing throughput on this device" — and makes them choose. Default: leave offload exactly as we found it, accounting off.

3.4 DPI — simply out of budget

netifyd/nDPI inspects every packet. On class C at gigabit this is not a degradation, it is a failure. Combined with §3.3, the Flows screen is unavailable on class C by design, not by omission.

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4. Design rules that hit the budget

1. Zero new daemons by default. A device adopted with default settings runs nothing it wasn't already running. Every tier-2 package is opt-in, per device, with its cost stated in the consent dialog.
2. Poll only what a human is looking at. Two rates:
   • Baseline (always on, ~60 s): device reachability, firmware version, and the handful of series that need unbroken history — WAN throughput, client count, CPU/RAM. Roughly one batched request per minute per device.
   • Focused (only while a UI screen showing that device is open, ~5–10 s): everything else — per-client RSSI, per-radio survey, port counters. When the last UI closes, the device drops back to baseline within one interval. Nobody watches the Radios page at 3 a.m.; don't poll for it.
3. Compute on the controller, never on the device. The device returns raw state. Every derivation — experience scores, interference percentages, rollups, rankings, topology inference — happens on the Pi/NAS, which has real CPU. Never ask a router to awk something for us.
4. Stagger, don't stampede. Spread device polls evenly across the interval. Ten devices at 60 s means one request every 6 s, not ten every 60.
5. Back off on evidence. If a device's load average, or its own response latency, crosses a threshold, lengthen its interval automatically and say so in the UI. Adaptive, not fixed.
6. Never poll during an apply. Quiesce collection for that device until the apply/confirm cycle completes.
7. Fail quiet. A device that's slow or unreachable gets exponential backoff, not retry storms. A struggling router must not be hammered by its manager.

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5. Per-feature cost table

What each screen actually costs on class C. Use this to decide what ships.

Feature	Tier	Mechanism	Class C cost	Default
Device status, firmware, uptime	0	system.info/board	negligible	on
Client list, names, IPs, vendors	1	luci-rpc.getHostHints	negligible, one call	on
Per-client RSSI / rate / retries	0	native iwinfo.assoclist; cheap hostapd.get_clients enrichment	low; focused-rate only; no station-dump spawn/grant	on (focused)
Interface throughput	0	network.device counters	negligible	on
Effective WAN identity	0	/sbin/ip -4 route show table all + network.interface.dump	one bounded process spawn plus one native call on the 15-minute network/topology cycle; no extra fast poll	on
Compatibility report export	0	server projection of an already successful Inspect result	zero additional router requests; no controller persistence or upload	manual only
WiFi config read/write	0	uci	negligible	on
Firewall / VLAN / DHCP config	0	uci	negligible	on
Channel survey / utilization	0	iwinfo.survey (native ubus)	~29 ms per radio, no spawn — focused loop is fine	on
Baseline topology	0	stock brctl/bridge FDB + ARP + wireless associations	negligible, slow-loop read	on
LLDP topology enrichment	2	lldpd	small daemon, low duty cycle; improves managed adjacency	opt-in
Per-client bandwidth + 24h usage	2	nlbwmon	conflicts with flow offload — see §3.3	off
Long-term interface totals	2	vnstat	small, but writes to disk — force /tmp	opt-in
Band steering / roaming assist	2	usteer or dawn	modest, event-driven	opt-in
Queue management / SQM	2	sqm-scripts (CAKE)	significant CPU at gigabit on class C — user's existing decision, we only expose it	opt-in
Router/hostapd event log	0	native log.read, once/minute cursor ingest	bounded ring read; does not install a tailer	on
Firewall event enrichment	0	nftables rate-limited log lines when configured	scales with rule hit rate; no nflog pipeline in Phase 4	opt-in
RF scan	0	native iwinfo.scan, explicit acknowledged request	disrupts clients on that radio; 45s timeout; never scheduled	manual only
Flows / DPI / app identification	2	netifyd, ntopng	out of budget	unavailable on class C

5.1 Phase-4 controller bounds

These are memory/query/retention limits, not managed-router work to spend:

Surface	Current bound
raw telemetry	RAM ring only; SQLite receives one transaction of completed 5m rollups
durable metric history	5m for 14d; 1h for 396d; client query uses 5m through 7d and 1h beyond
OpenWrt log events	24h, 50,000/device, 100,000 global; decoder 4,096 rows × 4,096-byte messages; exact repeated odhcpd IPv6-RA/no-default-route warnings condense per producer epoch
controller/audit events	newest 100,000 rows, independently of router-log caps; all event text plus encoded detail is capped at 64 KiB/row
General event coverage	producer poll once/minute; stale after 3m; missing, observed-empty and retained gaps are distinct
topology	source cadence 15m; current source stale after 31m; closed history/range 31d; 10,000 intervals/response
effective WAN identity	route table and netifd interface evidence collected together on the 15m network/topology cadence; incomplete or ambiguous evidence does not replace the last proved result
client incident response	31d range; 2,000 exact events; 64 paths and 2,048 path visits
radio state/scan	32 radios, 128 interfaces/radio, 512 frequencies and 4,096 BSS rows; newest terminal scan/radio retained, active scans preserved; suggestion ≤24h and channel plan ≤15m
live WebSocket	device.stats only; 32 queued frames/connection, drop-on-full, 10s write, 30s ping
WAN site health	once/minute, 3 ICMP packets from Gateway to fixed 1.1.1.1; no HTTP/DNS/multi-target work

Persisted RF scan history is count-bounded by the five-minute controller maintenance transaction: one newest terminal run per stable radio key, with pending/running work preserved and child BSS rows removed by foreign-key cascade. The live lab has not created scans under schema 16, so this retention path remains source-tested rather than hardware-exercised.

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6. Per-class notes

Class A (WRT3200ACM). Resources are not your problem — 512 MB RAM and 256 MB NAND are luxurious by OpenWrt standards. Two other things are:

• The mwlwifi driver's telemetry is partly unreliable, and the split is now measured rather than assumed. Good: iwinfo.survey works natively and its active_time/busy_time are sound, so channel utilization is trustworthy. Bad: rx_time/tx_time come back uninitialised (a ~1.4e19 u64), and iwinfo.survey reports noise unsigned (161 where the true value is −95) while iwinfo.info reports it correctly signed. Take noise from iwinfo.info, and capability-gate anything needing rx/tx time. Showing confidently wrong data is worse than showing none.
• It has dual firmware partitions, which makes UniFi's per-device "Revert" button genuinely implementable here — one of the few places we can match a UniFi feature that most OpenWrt hardware can't support. Capability-gate it.
• Armada 385 routes near-gigabit without flow offloading, which dissolves the §3.3 accounting tradeoff on this device: nlbwmon can be offered with a clear conscience. A capability-registry fact, not a global assumption.

Class B (MT7981/Filogic). The comfortable target. ARMv8 with crypto extensions makes TLS cheap, so §3.1 mostly stops mattering.

Class C (constrained MIPS). Everything in §3 applies at full force. The Archer C6 v2's QCA956X is now a measured member: 117 MiB usable from nominal 128 MB RAM and 6.4 MB free overlay. Many MT7621 and ath79 SKUs likewise have 16 MB flash, which leaves single-digit megabytes free after a normal install. The capability probe must check free /overlay space and simply not offer tier-2 packages that won't fit — refusing cleanly, with the reason shown, rather than attempting an install that fills the filesystem and bricks the router.

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7. Prove it — and show it

Two commitments that follow from having a budget at all:

Test it. A benchmark harness that seeds a temporary controller with an already-adopted class-C device, runs baseline and focused polling for an hour, and enforces the network and zero-flash parts of §2. CPU and RAM are reported as whole-device observations, not asserted as attributable controller cost: stock OpenWrt has no process boundary around ubus work, and whole-device jitter is larger than the work being measured. Run it per release. A budget nobody measures is a wish.

Built, and it earned its keep on the first run.internal/daemon/budget_integration_test.go; OONFEE_BUDGET_MINUTES=60 is the release gate. A value of 60 or more makes every missing prerequisite a failure, never a passing skip; invalid values fail instead of falling back to the two-minute developer default. The harness performs a successful credentialed capability probe and rejects anything not measured as class C.

Preferred invocation (the source database is opened with SQLite mode=ro plus query_only; the source keyring is only read):

OONFEE_BUDGET_SOURCE_DATA_DIR=/absolute/path/to/controller-data \
OONFEE_BUDGET_DEVICE_MAC=aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff \
OONFEE_BUDGET_PASSPHRASE_FILE=/absolute/path/to/mode-600-passphrase \
OONFEE_BUDGET_MINUTES=60 \
go test -count=1 -tags=integration ./internal/daemon/ \
  -run '^TestBudgetHarness$' -v -timeout 90m

The selected row must be adopted in a current-schema controller database and its scoped controller credential must open with that controller's adjacent, matching keyring.json. The mode-0600 passphrase file is mandatory for this source path. Schema-14 read-only opening verifies the database/keyring key check and requires the plaintext scrub to be complete; it never migrates the source. Start the controller writable first if the database is older. For a throwaway lab, OONFEE_TEST_HOST, OONFEE_TEST_USER, and the explicitly present OONFEE_TEST_PASS may replace all three source variables. That fallback exposes the password through the test process environment; it is not the preferred release path.

Root SSH key access is a separate prerequisite because CPU, RAM, and overlay state are intentionally outside the controller ACL. SSH is batch-only and its accept-new host-key file lives under the test's temporary directory, not the operator's known_hosts. The overlay must be mounted noatime, so hashing it cannot cause the write the test is trying to detect. Run against an otherwise idle class-C router with no second controller or poller competing for it.

Exact 60-minute pass contract: 30 minutes idle and 30 focused, using the shipped 60 s and 10 s intervals. Idle must sustain at least 0.90 successful polls/min without exceeding 1.05 poll attempts/min. Focused must sustain at least 5.70 successful polls/min without exceeding 6.30 total requests/min. Focused raw rate must exceed idle raw rate; at most five requests across the run may be outside poll batches; at least one poll must complete; and no more than half of all attempts may fail. The success-rate floors are the operative failure bound in a normal 60-minute run and prevent adaptive backoff from passing by doing less work.

Flash is sampled before, between, and after the two phases. Each snapshot compares /overlay/upper path inventory, file size/mtime, content hashes (sha256sum, or stock cksum fallback), used blocks, and the overlay block device's cumulative write counters when /proc/diskstats exposes them. Any endpoint delta fails. Stock OpenWrt has no persistent-write watcher: on a device whose overlay has no diskstats counter, a file created and deleted entirely between snapshots is not observable without installing software or continuously polling over SSH. The harness does neither because both would change the workload under test.

Idle and focused CPU are logged separately from /proc/stat. RAM used at each phase boundary is logged from MemTotal - MemAvailable (with the older-kernel free+buffers+cache approximation). Both are labelled whole-device, observational, and non-attributable; there is deliberately no noisy CPU/RAM pass assertion. Output is the verbose go test log only—capture it with the release evidence if a retained artifact is required.

The router receives only capability/poll RPCs and root-SSH reads: no UCI stage, apply, commit, package install, or persistent helper. The live source database and keyring are never written. The seeded daemon, SQLite database, keyring, telemetry, and SSH host-key file exist only under Go test temporary directories and are removed by the test harness.

The first run failed, on a class-A device, at 1.08 requests/min idle against a ceiling of 1.0. Two real defects:

• Interface discovery was a separate unbatched call, breaking the collector's own "one request per poll" rule and costing an extra request every 15 minutes. It now travels inside the batch, and its answer is used by the next poll — the list decides what goes in the batch, and the batch is already built by the time the answer arrives. One poll of staleness on a list that changes only when someone reconfigures the radios.
• The shipped focused default was 8 s, which is 7.5 requests/min against this table's ceiling of one per 10 s. §4.2's "~5–10 s" is the design range; this table is the budget, and the shipped default has to meet it. Now 10 s.

After both: idle 1.00 polls/min (60 requests/hour, 1 non-poll request — the session login), observed 6.00 req/min, zero flash writes, 21 polls with no failures, ~1.3 KB per request. Device CPU 0.49% across the run, all causes.

The full 60-minute release gate passed on the QCA956X Archer C6 v2 on 2026-08-18. The earlier two-minute result remains harness bring-up evidence; this is the acceptance result:

Phase	Cadence / request evidence	Whole-device observation
30 min idle	1.00 poll attempt/min, 1.00 successful/min; 31 raw requests = 1.03/min, including one non-poll login	3.34% CPU; RAM +2208 KiB
30 min focused	5.97 polls/min; 179 raw requests	4.31% CPU; RAM +716 KiB

The run completed 209 poll batches, 0 failed; including the one idle login, that is 210 raw HTTP requests and 297,321 bytes out. These CPU/RAM figures are whole-device phase observations, not attributable controller CPU.

All three endpoint snapshots agreed on overlay path inventory, size/mtime, content hashes and used blocks; cumulative block-device write counters were also unchanged. Direct postcheck found no pending UCI changes, overlay usage still 416/6976 KiB (used/total), dnsmasq running, both radios up and dhcp.lan.ignore=1. No package was installed and no router write was used to obtain the measurement.

The preferred read-only source path also passed its own blast-radius check: logical database and keyring hashes matched their pre-run backups. The controller was subsequently migrated schema 11→12 with 2 devices/functions, 4 ownership-ledger rows and 2 group memberships retained. This migration is controller integrity evidence, not device workload. A consistent SQLite .backup contained schema 12 and passed integrity; a v11 binary refused it. Copying only a live WAL database's main file is not a valid backup and can expose stale schema/data—use .backup or a clean shutdown/checkpoint.

That schema-11→12 paragraph is historical evidence and distinct from the later live schema-14 migration, which completed with the paired rehearsal, key-check/scrub, byte-scan and no-router-change evidence in STATUS §5bf. For schema 14 and later, pair the consistent database snapshot with the matching keyring.json; neither the database nor passphrase recreates its random data key. Pre-v14 database backups may contain plaintext WLAN/mesh keys and secret-derived ownership hashes. Migration does not rewrite or delete them, and cleanup requires explicit operator confirmation.

Show it. A per-device Management Overhead readout in the UI: requests per minute, CPU percent attributable to oonfeeWRT, packages we installed, and the current poll interval — with a control to loosen it.

Built, in the device slide-over: current interval and tier, requests per minute against the budget, bytes sent, polls and failures. It flags a rate over budget, and separately flags requests that were not polls — logins amortise to nothing, so a number that grows with the poll count means a call escaped the batch, which is a defect rather than a rate to average away.

All three of the spec's remaining fields landed 2026-08-14.

Attributable CPU percent. It needed the control measurement, and the measurement showed why a live sample can never work: a baseline poll costs about 5 ms of device CPU once a minute — 0.009% of one core — while the device's own idle CPU sits at 0.38–0.43%. What we are trying to measure is roughly fifty times smaller than the floor it would have to be measured against, and far smaller than the minute-to-minute jitter in that floor. A live reading would be noise with a decimal point on it.

So it is derived from a control experiment: device CPU over a window with nothing polling, versus a window with a known number of polls.

	class A reference device
control, nothing polling	0.38–0.43% busy
baseline poll, 8 invocations	5.33 ms of device CPU
focused poll, 12 invocations	6.65 ms of device CPU
at the shipped baseline (1/60 s)	0.0089% of one core
at the shipped focused (6/60 s)	0.067% of one core

Checked for linearity rather than assumed: 4.56 ms/poll at 6,049 polls/min and 4.38 ms/poll at 372 polls/min, within 4% — so the figure is not an artefact of saturating the device and extrapolates down honestly.

The finding worth carrying forward: the call that dominates a poll's wall time is not the call that dominates its CPU cost. §4 measures iwinfo as ~92% of a focused poll, yet a focused poll costs only 1.25× a baseline one in CPU — because iwinfo.survey and iwinfo.assoclist block on the wireless driver rather than burning cycles. Latency and CPU load must not be used interchangeably when reasoning about what we cost a device.

The figure is reported only for a class with a per-poll control measurement. The short class-C harness measured the whole device, not CPU milliseconds attributable to one poll, so class C correctly still gets no derived figure and a sentence saying why.

Packages we installed. Empty, and reported rather than omitted: "the controller installs no packages" is the claim ARCHITECTURE §0 makes, and a field that only appears once it is non-empty cannot be used to check it.

The control to loosen the interval. Per device, 60 s to 15 minutes. It can only make full-state polling cheaper: the collector clamps any nonzero override below the controller default, and both API input and legacy stored values are capped at 900 s so topology/radio source freshness stays usable. Lightweight router-log collection still runs once a minute. The effective clamp is measured in the collector rather than inferred from the stored preference.

UniFi never shows you this, and the reason it can afford not to is that it owns the hardware. We don't. Surfacing our own cost is both the honest thing to do and a real feature: it turns "is this thing slowing down my router?" from an anxiety into a number the user can read and act on.

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8. The controller's own envelope (Docker, decision D7)

The controller ships as a self-hosted container (Omada-style) and runs on a NAS, mini-PC, Pi, or home server. That host has real CPU, real disk with wear levelling, and RAM to spare — so the controller's own budget is about being a polite long-running service, not about survival:

Resource	Envelope	Notes
Image size	≤ 40 MB	scratch/distroless base + static Go binary + embedded UI
Steady-state RSS	≤ 256 MB at 25 devices	generous; measured per release, not fought over
CPU, idle fleet	≤ 2% of one modern core	poll loops + rollup
Disk	≤ 2 GB at full 13-month retention	one volume; back up live SQLite with .backup, not a main-file-only copy while WAL is active, and pair it with the matching keyring
UI bundle	≤ 1.5 MB gzipped	unchanged — this budget was about the browser, not the host

Retention returns to full depth by default: 5m rollups → 14 days, 1h rollups → 13 months. The trimmed on-router ladder is gone.

Keep the write shape anyway. The RAM ring for raw samples + one transaction per 5-minute flush was designed for NAND survival, but it's simply good engineering: it keeps SQLite happy, makes the flush path testable, and costs nothing. Do not regress to per-sample INSERTs just because the disk can now take it.

What §8 no longer contains — deliberately: NAND wear-shaping for the controller host, the 25 MB binary cap, GOMEMLIMIT ceremony, Cortex-A9 TLS arithmetic, and the two-hats self-management hazard. All of that existed to fit the controller onto the WRT3200ACM. In the container model the WRT3200ACM is a managed device — where its notes live in §6 like everyone else's — and the apply-path-traversal warning applies to it only in the ordinary way (when a change touches the path the controller reaches it through).

And what does not relax: §1–7. Managed devices didn't get faster. The polling budgets, TLS handshake rules, flow-offload tradeoffs, and zero-flash-writes rule for managed hardware are exactly as binding as before.